第2267期:怎样读懂一首英文诗?
今天,邀请你来一起读一首英文小诗。
"Trees" (1913)
I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the earth's sweet flowing breast;
A tree that looks at God all day,
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
A tree that may in Summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair;
Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.
Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.
这首诗发表于1913年,作者是美国诗人Alfred Joyce Kilmer.
这首诗在美国非常出名,家喻户晓,因为多次入选中小学课本,大多数美国人上学时都会背这首小诗。令我想起我记忆中小学课本上的第一首诗:危楼高百尺,手可摘星辰。不敢高声语,恐惊天上人。(李白《夜宿山寺》),或者很多外国人学汉语首先学会的唐诗,李白的《静夜思》。
Trees这首诗在美国大约就是这个普及度和知名度,同时,这首诗在美国文学史上地位也很高。
1910年代的美国诗歌主流仍是歌咏自然的浪漫主义(Romanticism),但意象主义(imagism)和现代主义(modernism)作品已开始出现,Trees这首诗属于典型的浪漫主义。
下面以这首小诗为例,跟你分享一下我平时是怎么阅读英文诗的。个人习惯,仅供参考。
欣赏一首英文诗,要学会关注几个要素:
Theme, symbol, imagery, rhythm, tone.
在我看来,一首好诗,不论什么语言写的,首先要给人一幅画面,这画面不一定都是美好的景色,也可以是伤痛和疮痍,但要有画面,这是我眼中一首诗的灵魂。
Trees这首诗的theme就是表达作者对大自然伟力/神力的仰慕与赞美,透过一棵树看到nature’s superiority.
诗人使用了几处拟人手法描写树的形态,例如 lifts arms in prayer,这就是imagery.
全诗用树的各种形态象征人对神的敬拜,这就是symbol.
任何一首诗本质都与歌相似,好诗都经得起朗诵,要朗朗上口,有韵律,即便没有显著的韵脚也要有韵味,这就是rhythm.
这首诗采用了AABB韵,就是两行一组押相同尾韵,例如:
I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.
第一句末see跟第二句末tree押韵,都是/i:/
但第二节韵脚变了
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the earth's sweet flowing breast;
第三句末的prest跟第四句末的breast押韵,但韵脚跟第一、二句不同了。
以这样的押韵方式贯穿全诗(12行),这就叫AABB rhythm,这种形式常被称为 rhyming couplets(押韵对句)。
我在阅读英文诗歌时有个独家搞怪的念头,我总喜欢把英文诗歌里的这个韵脚对应为北方曲艺里讲究的十三道大辙:
中东、江阳、人辰臣、言前、由油求、摇条、灰堆、怀来、发花、乜斜(雪、梭波、衣七、姑苏
Trees这首诗中第一节押了 see/tree韵(可以类比为“衣七辙”),结尾又回到了me/tree韵,并且选择同样两个词,完成了首尾呼应,结构圆满。
这首小诗,经得起低声吟诵和高声朗读,气韵绵密,意境幽远,连读几遍,爱不释手。
以上就是我欣赏一首英文诗的方法和思路,仅供参考。
你再读一遍,仔细咂摸一下滋味儿:
"Trees"
- Alfred Joyce Kilmer, 1913
I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the earth's sweet flowing breast;
A tree that looks at God all day,
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
A tree that may in Summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair;
Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.
Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.

